International Journal of Administration and Development Studies
International Journal of Administration and Development Studies is a fully peer reviewed/ refereed journal dedicated to the publishing of scholarly articles from practitioners of and dissenters from international, regional, studies, and it is also dedicated to providing a space for the work of management and development studies. This journal publishes high quality manuscripts that engage theoretical and empirical issues in management. The journal also features case studies focusing on practical implications, or papers related to learning and teaching in Management and development studies disciplines, and finally, book reviews on recently published books. Articles published in the International Journal of Management and Development Studies are of importance to research scholars, policy makers, academicians, practitioners and analysts in government and organizations, seeking to understand the diverse and complex characteristics of international environments. However, articles, manuscripts, research papers that are international in scope, papers focused on domestic contexts and issues are highly preferred also welcome, in order to facilitate the sharing of knowledge and potential generalizability of findings worldwide.
Department of Public Administration, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE CAUSES OF QUEUES IN BANKS AND AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE (ATM) DISPENSING POINTS IN NIGERIA
Over the years, delays and queuing problems are most common features of banking operations in Nigeria. It was observed by several scholars that one of the frequent customers complaints are the issue of long queues, delays and congestions in banking halls, and these frequent challenges have led to movement of customers from one bank to another where they can access services without much delay because time is money. The paper therefore, examines the causes of these challenges in order to proffer recommendations for improving the efficiency of banking services. The study employed the use of secondary data and content analysis to assess these causes by reviewing empirical studies carried out by several scholars. The findings revealed that, the unnecessary delays and queues in banking halls and ATM points ranges from inadequate number of ATM dispensing points, insecurity of e-banking services, low speed of most ATM machines, perception of customers towards the use of ATM, banking consolidation with inadequate banking architecture in place and breakdown of computers. The study recommends that banks should installed more ATM at their premises and stock with money 24/7 especially during the month-ends or salary payment. Thus, it would be good for the banks to increase their server point of payment when arrival rate exceeds service rate. Improve their services and work on their staff to be fast and efficient. Moreso, the banks should employed more staff and improve their security where by the customers would patronise the use of mobile banking, internet banking, tele-banking and POS.
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NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY: AN ASSESSMENT OF ABDULSALAMI ABUBAKAR'S ADMINISTRATION (1998-1999)
The paper examines the foreign policy of Nigeria during Abdulsalami Abubakar regime from1998-1999. This is important in view of the fact that an analysis of external relations of a country is often understood within the context of its foreign policy principles, statements and objectives, which define her national interests. The paper examines the achievements and challenges faced during Abdulsalami Abubakar's administration at both bilateral and multilateral levels. The paper uses qualitative method to analyse data collected from secondary source. The objective is to discuss merit and demerit of his administration. The paper recommends the need to strengthen economic transactions, diplomatic engagements, security relations among other in Nigerian foreign policy. The findings of the paper reveal that there is the need to strengthen bilateral and multilateral relations in order to further boost and promote future relationship between Nigeria and other countries.
SMALLARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS PROLIFERATION AND THE SCOURGE OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY IN BORNO STATE
One of the reasons Boko Haram has remained unabated is the proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Borno State. This is further exacerbated by the inability of the government to genuinely address the menace thereby re-enforcing the activities of Boko Haram group, thus, leading to loss of thousands of lives, properties worth trillions of Naira, Inhabitant rendered displaced while some flee to neigbouring countries as refugees, economic activities distorted making life unbearable for the inhabitant. Most disturbingly is that the insurgent always seem to have their way, as the government have not been able to halt their supply line(of arms and fund).Therefore, the thrust of this paper dwell on the role played by proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapon in aggravating the scourge of Boko Haram Insurgency in Borno State. The paper is a qualitative study that rely primarily on existing literature. The study has identified sources of funding of Boko Haram insurgency as well as the implication for continuous proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Borno State. The paper found that government's efforts is yet not sufficient as the activities of the insurgent group have devastating effect on the people of the Borno State. More and more people are killed at every passage of the day. The paper recommended among others that the Federal government should ensure better policing of the country's porous land borders in order to intercept the deadly weapons brought in through the Sahara Desert. Also, there is need for synergy between and among the Government at the local, regional and international level against money laundering and terrorism financing to track and intercept such illicit financial flows.
PERCEPTION STUDY ON THE ROLES OF CIVILIAN JOINT TASK FORCE (CJTF) IN COMBATING INSURGENCY IN MAIDUGURI METROPOLITAN COUNCIL (MMC) BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
This paper examines the role of Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) in combating insurgency in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria. The paper ascertains perception of people on the roles of CJTF in identifying and apprehending Boko Haram insurgents in Maiduguri. The paper adopted Resistance Theory as a theoretical guide. Data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources, while the method of data collection was survey method through the instruments of questionnaire, Key Informant Interview and Focus Group Discussion. Descriptive statistical tool was used as a method of data analysis. The finding of this study reveals that the activities of CJTF has assisted in identifying, apprehending and dislodgement of Boko Haram members and organized criminal groups in Maiduguri. Furthermore, this study is of the view that CJTF had played significant roles toward the successes recorded in the fight against insurgency. The paper recommended that, Borno State government should enrol all registered CJTF members to the Regular Government Security Agencies like military, police, or the paramilitary agencies to avoid deviations after the end of insurgents activities in the state. The state government should increase CJTF allowances and ensure that they work under strict supervision of government agencies to prevent abuse of power.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) AND BAKASSI PENINSULA: INTERROGATING THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE RULING TO GEO-STRATEGIC, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INTEREST OF NIGERIA
The paper examined International Court of Justice ruling on Bakassi Peninsula with the aim of interrogating the implications to geo-strategic, political and economic interest of Nigeria. The October 10, 2002 verdict of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) finally ceded Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon which the outcome had a major setback on Nigeria's claim for ownership of the peninsula. The paper adopted a qualitative method of research which relied mostly on secondary sources to interrogate the implications of the ruling to Nigeria and the political economy approach is used as its framework of analysis. The paper reveals that colonial imposed boundaries and treaties promoted conflict and affected inter-state relations in Africa. The struggle for ownership of Bakassi Peninsula by two nation states was as a result of inordinate boundary delimitations orchestrated by two imperialist nations (Britain and German) through Anglo-German treaty without recourse to cultural heritage and non recognition of existing value, traditional system and leadership. The earlier 1913 treaty which precipitated the ceding of Bakassi to Cameroon was done in the interest of the colonialist and it was unfortunate that the judgment of International Court of Justice relied on it. It is revealed that the outcome of the judgment would affect the historical and ancestral legacy of Bakassi people, existing political structure and level of governance. The paper recommends that accompanying measures by Nigeria, Cameroon and the international community, as well as other socio-economic and political developments emanating from the entire dispute guarantee hope and future assurance, and strengthened the peace building process. The Nigerian government should be conscious of re-examining issues with regard to international boundaries with other neighboring states, apply technicalities and guidance when issues arises and not to quickly involve in signing treaties and ratifications as it was done in the past. There should be mutual understanding boosting the competitiveness and human capital development for both states as they need each other to survive.
IMPACT OF DEMOCRACYAND GOOD GOVERNANCE ON THE CITIZENS OF BORNO STATE 1999-2015
in Nigeria with reference to Borno State from 1999 to 2015. The study employed the use primary sources of data collection. A random sampling was used in selecting 3 LGAs from each zone to make total of 9 LGAs for the study. A sample size of 2,068 was proportionately selected. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The result showed that 34% disagreed that democratic rule has brought favourable improvement in education, security and reduce poverty in study area. 42% agreed that the democratic rule is a mere flat form of changing leaders in the study area. 37% agreed that there is no substantive democratic rule in the study area. The democratic governments in the state has not encourage good governance and democratic challenges in the state are as a result of lack good governance in the practice of democratic rule. Therefore, for Borno State and Nigeria at large to attain democratic development there must be compliance of good governance in the practice of democratic rule.
DEMOCRACYAND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA 1999-2015: A REVIEW
This paper reviews democracy and good governance in Nigeria from 1999 to 2015. Nigeria is the largest African country with numerous populations which ranked as 8th most populated in the world. Since the beginning of democracy in 1999, there has been a steady but intensive effort to converse the trend of political misery and disappointment which previously characterized political life in Nigeria. Long years of political misrule and of course, bad governance exemplified by personalized political regimes and ruthless dictatorship left Nigerians politically demoralized and economically incapacitated with an immersed population ravaged by poverty, illiteracy and disease, armed robbery, religious and sectarian conflicts, tribal and ethnic conflicts among others. Regrettably, Nigeria harbors the highest stock of the continent's poorest people. The debilitating poverty of the people accentuated by the economic crisis seems to have provided a basis and indeed a common platform in the demand for democracy and good governance. This attempt recognized itself in the call for political pluralism and good governance. Good governance could succeed through: effectiveness, equity, accountability, participation, security and rule of law among others. Democratic development, nation building and national development would continue to be mirage in the country if democracy is no link with good governance.
CONCEPTIONS AND ORIGIN OF CAREER AND NONCAREER DIPLOMATS IN NIGERIAN FOREIGN SERVICE: IMPLICATION FOR CAREER PRACTICE AND DEVELOPMENT
This paper was an analysis of the concept of career and noncareer diplomats as represented in the Nigerian Foreign Service. The issue of career and non-careerism in the appointment of heads of Nigerian missions abroad have been hotly debated in various fora. Thus, this paper attempted to give a clear-cut conceptions on the ideas surrounding the two opposing concepts in Foreign Service, as well as its origination and trends in the Nigerian Foreign Service from 1960 to 2015. This was to bring forth its implication for career practice and development in Nigeria's foreign affairs. This paper was based on secondary analysis of data, drawn from primary and secondary sources. The paper revealed that the concept of career diplomats in Nigeria's foreign mission is well spelt out in various Foreign Service regulations, compared to non-career diplomats that involves various positional antics. It further shows that appointment of both career and non-career diplomats in the Nigerian Foreign Service between 1960 and 2015 have been influenced by constitutional provisions, regime structure and political patronage. In addition, it was highlighted here that the implications of the dichotomies in the use of career and non-career diplomatic heads in Nigerian foreign missions are diverse with both negative and positive effects. The paper, therefore, concluded that non-career diplomats serve as “salts” or “creams” to Nigeria's diplomatic representations abroad. Thus, it was recommended that merit and capability should be reconciled with political influence in the appointment of non-career diplomats for the headship of Nigerian missions abroad.
IMPACT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ON THE NIGERIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR
This paper examines the effect of global economic integration on Nigeria's Manufacturing Sector during the period of 1981 to 2018. The study employs three variables as proxies for globalization; namely: trade openness, FDI, and exchange rate. Our findings showed that Openness and FDI have significant positive impacts on manufacturing sector growth in the long run; while interest rate has a long run negative impact on manufacturing output in Nigeria. Furthermore, our findings showed that exchange rate and financial deepening do not significantly contribute to Manufacturing Output in Nigeria in the long run. However, in the short run, all the explanatory variables exact significant impacts on manufacturing Output in the short run. While the impact of openness is positive in all the periods; FDI, EXR, FDEEP and INTR all have mixed impact on manufacturing Output in the short run. The study recommends that Nigeria must emphasize and vigorously pursue export-led growth through industrialization. Our export basket must be diversified and be dominated by manufactures, in order to fully harness the benefits that globalization offers.
ASSESSING NIGERIA'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIOECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WESTAFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS)
The socio-economic and political contributions of Nigeria in ECOWAS has enormous relevance in the areas of regional trade and democratic dispensation. Over the years, Nigeria has demonstrated its hegemony in the peacekeeping and economic stability in West Africa through ECOWAS. Yet ECOWAS is facing a myriad of security and economic issues that threaten to shake the region's relative stability and economic progress. The challenges range from terrorism and violent extremism, to piracy, political instability, elections-related violence, drug trafficking or deadly health issues. The study adopted focus group discussion with members of the ministry of foreign affairs and embassy staff as the basic method used in data collection. The study used purposive sampling technique to select research participants in equal representation of male and female, amount the staff form the focus group discussion. This revealed that in order to Nigerian approach on socio political economic development contribute to West African state, Nigeria as a hegemon in ECOWAS has played the role of regional stabilizer based on its leadership ability in enforcing ECOWAS programs and policies while remains state or Nations is a shining light in ECOWAS due to its steady democratic process which started from 1966 election, Nigerian government contribution to the development African state particularly emphasized of west Africa through economic community of west African state, ECOWAS. In the area of economic, security, politics and training retraining for the development of West African state. The paper recommended that Nigerian government should formulate a foreign policy that enhances the both human and food security measures to recover economic development to ECOWAS member states to establish modern agricultural programmes such as the irrigation farming.
AN OVERVIEW OF NIGERIAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH CHAD
This paper discusses the different patterns, dimensions of Nigeria- Chad economic relationship. It focuses attention or special attention is accorded smuggling as well as Cross Border Trade that is taking place across the border of the two countries. Factors that are militating against active economic relations between the two countries were equally highlighted. The purpose of these must be understood and clearly anchored on its relevance to the existing relationship of the two countries. The paper uses linkage theory as its theoretical framework and for the methodology the data is predominantly empirical rather than speculative. The findings reveal that there is a good and cordial economic relation between the two countries. The paper recommend the need to strengthen economic relations/ transactions between Nigerian and Chad.
IMPERATIVES OF STRATEGIC PLANNING AT THE GRASSROOTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH EAST NIGERIA: A REVIEW
development in North East Nigeria. It begins with the condition of North East Nigeria being the capital poverty of the world which is largely linked with the failure of leadership to plan well for the sustainable development of the region. This is followed by definition of a strategy ,strategic planning , and sustainable development. The various strategic planning models available for a leader to use have been examined. The ability to utilize these models for sustainable development at the grassroots at the right time have been discussed. The paper found out that the place of planning is very strategic to sustainable development of the region. This is even becoming more serious considering the new invention in automobile industry, being powered by electricity and water system technology instead of fuel. This calls for immediate planning for the future of this region to continue to be relevant as an agent of grassroots development. The paper concludes that time is running out for us especially in the North that requires immediate strategic plan. The paper recommends among others, the use of VMOSA Model of strategic planning as the conceptual framework for North East leaders. It is a framework that provides a blueprint for moving the region from poverty capital of the world to the best region in grassroots development
OVERVIEW OF THE 2004 AND 2014 NIGERIAN CONTRIBUTORY PENSION SCHEME ACT
The dejection and helplessness of pensioners waiting to be paid pension benefit under very frustrating verification process occasioned by the impunity in person fund administration led to the pension Act 2004. This ushered in the contributory pension that replaced the defined Benefit Pension with attendant review in 2014 to check mismanagement. The objective of this paper is to examine the contributory pension scheme, identify the inadequacies that will inhibit the efficacy and make the necessary recommendations. In the course of this study, it was discovered that the contributory pension scheme was selectively implemented, absent of life span annuity and also detected the current mode of diversion of pension assets. This paper utilized secondary source of data such as scholarly journal articles, seminar papers, internet materials and established circular and report. It therefore recommended that the implementation of the scheme by Government should be holistic and the interest and commissions accruable to the pension fund asset should be disclosed regularly to forestall financial misappropriation.
EFFECTIVE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR FRAUD PREVENTION IN BORNO STATE BOARD OF INTERNAL REVENUE
The internal control system is not even established in some organization and even when established it is not given proper functioning because effective control system is very critical for the existence and sustainability of any organization. The objective of this paper is to examine the board of internal control system. Descriptive statistics such as simple percentage and chi-square were used. Data was generated through question. Both primary and secondary sources of data were employed. That findings revealed that control has played vital roles on accountability and fraudulence on generations of revenue, most of the staff accepts that control has direct being on their roles which effective control had their attitudes positively. The paper recommends that the board should adopt additional measures to generate revenue so also proper channels of communication should adopt to inform the staff with new means and information.
AN ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA’S RELATIONS WITH THE COMMONWEALTH IN THE FOURTH REPUBLIC
Nigeria’s relations with the Commonwealth of Nations exhibit a peculiar record of sweet & sour relations. The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of independent former British colonies that meet periodically to discuss common issues that affect them. Even as an infant member, Nigeria in collaboration with India and Tanganyika, in 1961 succeeded in persuading other member countries in expelling apartheid South Africa from the Commonwealth. Humiliated leaders of the racist regime in return supported Biafra in the 1967-1970 civil war in Nigeria. Five years later, Britain’s reluctance to sell arms to Nigeria may have played a role in the military leadership enacting harsh measures against Britain’s economic interests; because of her resistance to majority rule in Zimbabwe. In spite of the fact that there are trickles of economic benefits coming Nigeria’s way from the Commonwealth, it has not translated into making her the manufacturing hub of Africa which is a vogue for serious contenders to the elite G20. This underperformance serves as the motivation for the study. The study is a qualitative one where data was generated through secondary sources such as journals, periodicals, textbooks, internet materials, newspapers and magazines. Concepts/theories of economic relations and interdependence were defined and clarified as framework for the study. At the end, recommendations were advanced for a more beneficial engagement with the Commonwealth; principal among which is the need for Nigeria to take advantage of manufacturing advancement of developed members to grow her industrial/manufacturing sector/sub-sector.
IMPACT OF CONFLICT BETWEEN FARMERS AND PASTORALISTS ON FOOD SECURITY IN BENUE STATE
This study examined the impact the impact of conflict between crop farmers and pastoralists on food security in Benue State. The study adopted the multi-stage sampling method to select three out of the twenty-three local government areas; one from each of the geopolitical zones in the state. In Benue North East senatorial district Logo Local Government area was selected, Benue North West senatorial district Guma Local Government area was chosen and in Benue South senatorial district Agatu Local Government area was selected. The instruments of data collection used were questionnaires, Focused Group Discussion and key informant interview. The major findings of this study revealed that destruction of crops by the pastoralists without compensation, the mischief from both the farmers and pastoralists and rape of women are the major causes of the conflict in Benue State. As revealed in the study, a total of 933.3 hectares of farmlands were cultivated and 587.9 hectares (63%) of farmland were destroyed as a result of the conflict. This has indeed affected food availability. Thus, using Food Security Measurement Module (FSMM), the result indicates there is food insecurity in the areas that experienced this conflict. The study recommends among others the establishment of ranches, checking the proliferation of small arms and light weapons and the need for massive reforestation in drought prone states in Northern Nigeria as measures of reducing crop farmers and pastoralists’ conflict in Nigeria in general and Benue State in particular.
AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE (ATM) AS A TOOL FOR EFFICIENT BANKING SERVICE DELIVERY IN JIMETA YOLA, ADAMAWA STATE
Over the years, there have been allegations from several stakeholders on the inefficiency of banking services such a long queue in the banking halls, delays in cashing money and the long queues in Automated Teller Machine (ATM) dispensing points. The paper therefore, examines the importance of ATM as a tool for improving the efficiency of banking services. This was done by itemizing some of the causes of inefficiency in banking services in order to determine the importance of ATM in improving banking services. The study employed the use of survey method where questionnaire and interview were used. One hundred and forty-two users of ATM from two banks were purposively selected for the study in Jimeta Metropolis, Yola Adamawa state. The data was analyzed by the aid of descriptive statistics. The findings show that, ATM has significantly improved the efficiency of banking services by decongesting banks, reducing delays, time saving and accessibility of banking services to customers almost 24 hours. Similarly, it has been revealed that the causes of banking inefficiency are: insecurity, lack of adequate ATM, service unavailability and single server have been the contributing factors to queues and congestion in the banks. It further revealed that majority of ATM subscribers have a good knowledge on the services offered by ATM. The study concludes that ATM has positively influenced service delivery of deposit money banks in Jimeta, Adamawa State. The study recommends that banks should have more ATM dispensing points, improve their services and also to establish more branches within the state to reduce the time spend by customers.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN NIGERIA: ARGUMENT FOR AND AGAINST
The Constituency development project has been in existence in Nigeria for more than a decade now. This decentralisation arrangement is considered very relevant because it has the potential of provoking rural and community development. However, this crucial arrangement has not yielded commendableoutputs in Nigeria. Thus, this paper examines the arguments for and against this veritable initiative.To achieve the objectives, the study used qualitative approach. Information were sourced from existing literature on the practice of the scheme in other climes such as Kenya and India, where it has been existing for a long period now in order to borrow some best ideas to enhance our practice in Nigeria. The study also reviewed relevant documents related to constituency development projects in Nigeria. David Easton version of system theory was adopted to underpin the study. From the documents reviewed, some prominent challenges such as corruption, lack of need assessment of what communities want before contracts are awarded and other procedural blunders were found. These issues weigh heavily against the realisation of the policy goals. Hence, the paper supports the discontinuation of the policy, but with a condition. The condition is that the policy can be continued with if the indelible recommendation made in this paper could be judiciously implemented, because the policy itself is not bad, but for the implementation. Accordingly, the paper recommendsthat a structure like District Authorities through which can provide their inputs, as obtains in India should be put in place. This structure should appoint implementing agencies after a project might have been recommended by the MPs in conjunction with the community. This strategy breeds checks and balances in the system and perpetually decreases corrupt tendencies. Also, funds should be made non-lapsable. A fund not fully spent in a financial year should be rolled over to the following year and needs assessment should be carried out before contracts are granted. These are among other future directions provided in the paper.
DETERMINANTS OF AUDIT FEES OF LISTED CONSUMER GOODS COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
This study empirically examined the determinants of audit fees of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive approach where 14 out of 21 quoted companies in the consumer goods sector were purposively sampled. The result of the panel regression with the aid of STATA indicated that audit firm size is a positive but insignificant factor in determining audit fees, auditor tenure is negatively significant while return on asset is a significant factor in determining audit fees. The result also revealed that leverage is an insignificant determinant of audit fees of quoted consumer goods companies in Nigeria. It is concluded therefore, that return on assets and audit tenure can significantly determine audit fees while audit firm size and leverage does not significantly determine audit fees of quoted consumer goods companies in Nigeria. The study recommended that insignificant consideration should be accorded to size of the audit firm and the leverage of companies studied while determining audit fees while adequate consideration should be accorded to auditors’ tenure and return on assets of the companies as they significantly determine audit fees.
FISCAL FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECT
Nigeria, like other natural resource rich federations, is faced with the challenge of how best to assign the fiscal dividends of natural resources (particularly oil) among the different orders of government to ease the consequences of uneven territorial distribution of wealth. Utilizing secondary sources, the paper reviewed practices in other federations as an appraisal of alternatives from which Nigeria can benefit. The review shows that Federal government monopolization of mineral revenue remains a project pursued by some federations and resented by others. There is yet no consensus among territorial governments in Nigeria, in adopting legislations to deal with the challenge of assigning the fiscal dividends of natural resources. National ownership and control of natural resource is the current practice in Nigeria. Federal legislations for developing and regulating minerals, have taken over much of the fiscal space available for subnational governments (states and local) to realize resources from mineral wealth. The paper recommended the need to rationalize the system of natural resource taxation by creating different types of fiscal revenue from natural resources, and stratifying them by layers of government. While royalties and production taxes accrue to the nation being the owner of natural resources, others such as, environmental charges, duties on services related to storage and transportation, and taxes on the distribution of resources should accrue to states and\or local governments.
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF BOKO HARAM ABDUCTION ON PARENTS OF CHIBOK GIRLS, BORNO STATE
The abduction of the Girls by Boko Haram has several impacts on the parents. The study therefore examines psychological impact of abduction of Chibok Girls on the parents in Chibok Community of Borno State. The population comprised of 276 parents of the abducted, 100 parents in the community and three counselors. The total population of the study is 376. Taro Yamane’s formula was used to select 200 respondents but 180 retrieved for analysis while all the counselors were selected. This was a survey research and data was collected using questionnaire and interview. Data was analyzed descriptively using tables, percentages, frequencies and plates. The study discovered that the parents of the abducted Chibok Girls do not blamed themselves over the incidence of the abduction but blaming the government over weak security and poor response when they incident occurred. The parents were not affected by the incidence in the form of loss of sexual appetite to produce more children and their eating habits not affected. The study equally showed that majority of the parents are not in the state of despair as to what the future brings and do not feel lonely as a result of the abduction. The study concludes that the abduction of the girls have not psychologically affected the majority of the parents however, the few that were psychologically unbalanced have been restored as a result psycho-social intervention by the counselors attached to them by the government and Non-Governmental organization. The study found out that the abduction of the Girls has distorted the pattern of the sleep of the parents of the girls. The study recommends among others that the government should open
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY ON ITS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT UNDER OBASANJO’S ADMINISTRATION, 1999-2007
Since the enthronement of civil democratic government in Nigeria in 1999 after so many years of military rule, President Olusegun Obasanjo has undertaken so many diplomatic efforts to restore the country to the mainstream of comity of nations. He indeed utilized Nigeria’s foreign policy to attract foreign investors and other international business/development partners to do business in the country. Obasanjo’s eight years’ tenure actually witnessed the influx of more Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into the country; but with the tip tilting more in favour of Oil and Gas (O&G). There was however underperformance of the country’s foreign policy where it failed to support its economic relations instrument for directing the attracted FDI towards boosting the industrial and manufacturing sector and subsector of the economy. These sectors have the highest likelihood of expanding the country’s foreign revenue sources through the manufacture of unique products and goods in which Nigeria has comparative competitive advantage in the international market. It is this failure that forms the motivation for the study. The study is a qualitative one where the data generated was analyzed through discourse and explanatory method. The study is a qualitative one where secondary data was generated through the scrutiny of textbooks, academic journals, magazines, and internet materials. Data generated was analyzed through discourse method. The study has found out that Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under Obasanjo has seen remarkable improvement in FDI inflow to the country where it started from a mere $4,035.50bn in 1999 and at $41,734.00bn in 2006. At the end, the study concluded that even though Obasanjo’s administration has effectively utilized Nigeria’s foreign policy for attracting more FDI, they were not directed at the industrial and manufacturing sectors for the manufacture of unique products and goods that will expand Nigeria’s foreign revenue sources towards the general development of the country.
AN OVERVIEW OF RURAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC
Although, poverty is worldwide phenomenon, it has been observed that Nigeria is one of the poorest countries in the world in rooter of rural poverty, despite its abundant natural resources. The rural poverty level in Nigeria has reached an alarming rate stage where 70% of its rural population lives below the poverty line. However, available statistics shows that poverty in poor countries is absolute and more pronounced in rural areas. Under the present democratic dispensation, the rural folks that constitutes significant segment of the Nigerian society live in abject poverty and are neglected in terms of socio-economic and political well being. The paper provides a conceptual overview of poverty within the context of ruralism and assesses the performance of poverty alleviation programmes in Nigeria in the Fourth Republic. It also argues that democracy cannot thrive in an impoverished society where people live below one dollar ($1) per day, and where stresses of disease, famine and climatic shock are pervasive. Finally, the paper suggests the way forward towards poverty reduction in rural Nigeria.
EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY ON THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LIVES OF ABDUCTED CHIBOK SCHOOL GIRLS’ PARENTS IN CHIBOK L.G.A, BORNO STATE
From the 1980 Maitatsine uprising to the 2009 Boko Haram uprising in the north east and Borno State in particular was bedevilled by ethnoreligious conflicts with devastating human and material losses. This led to the abduction of 276 Girls on the 15th of April, 2014 from the Government Girls Secondary School (G.G.S.S.) Chibok in Borno State. This study therefore, examined the social, economic, religious and psychological effects of the insurgency on the parents of the abducted Girls. The study employed the use of survey methodology where interview and observation were used as a means of gathering data. Description and interpretation of information was based on what has been observed and heard from the people. The findings revealed that socially most of the parents developed life of isolation, they find it difficult to associate with other people. The economy of the parents was seriously affected by the insurgency. Most of the parents became helpless and confuse whereby they find it difficult to concentrate in their business, farming and other domestic work where they earn their living. Religiously, the lives of the abducted girls’ parents have been affected seriously as some are said to be practicing faith contrary to Christianity or Islam. They started patronizing traditionalists (Diviners and traditional medicine men and women) offering sacrifices in traditional shrines, all to see the return of their abducted daughters. Similarly, it created psychological disorder and distress among the parents, they have no confidence in government to protect their children in school. Furthermore, the study revealed that there are cases of depression, loss of community, loss of stability, security, trust and excessive fearfulness. While the damaging effect on the parents includes mental health, feeling of hopelessness, suicidal thought and helplessness. It was recommended that government and the international community need to react more quickly and effectively to stabilized regions experiencing Boko Haram insurgency. Peace keeping forces should be train to work towards eliminating problems instead of making them worse. More resources are needed for security agents to protect communities and their schools and provide programme to keep girls from being trapped into abduction and sexual slavery.
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN NIGERIA: AN ERROR CORRECTION MODEL APPROACH
Economic theory argues that sustainable economic growth leads to economic development. This study examines the relationship between economic growth and development in the context of an error correction model (ECM). The approach is unique in that it provides evidence for the short and long run relationships between the variables and the direction and rate at which disequilibrium between the variables would be corrected over time. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was used as a proxy for economic growth while the Human Development Index (HDI) was used as a proxy for human development. Irregular secondary data were collected from 1975 to 2008 from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin, UNDP yearly Report and World Fact Book. Although the ECM showed that economic growth have a negative short run relationship with human development index, the result was not significant. The coefficient for the long run relationship was however significant. The study concludes that policies aimed at accelerating growth would have a negative impact on human development in the short run but in the long run, equilibrium will be restored by HDI adjusting to correct the equilibrium error. This implies that economic growth leads to human development and that macroeconomic policies aimed at achieving sustainable economic growth should be maintained.
RE-BRANDING AFRICA FOR VIABLE DEMOCRACY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAL GROWTH
The paper examines the various aspects of African history to drive home how the development of Africa, the cradle of human civilization was abruptly stymied by the West. An attempt was also made to highlight how the West robbed Africa of her valuable human and material resources via slavery and colonialism that now banded Africa into the stereotypes of backwardness, poverty, conflict and charity case perception waiting for salvation from outside the continent. The paper concludes that rebranding cannot come from outside but Africa has to find its own voice, image and strongly promote to overpower the charity-led paternalistic branding imposed on the continent by outsiders for their own self-interest. The paper recommends that Africa can rebrand itself if it, eradicates corruption and establishes good governance by reviving Pan-Africanism, organising Africans in Diaspora, engaging in intra-African trade, valuing what is African, and each of the 53 African countries sells brand (perception that one holds about a product or an idea) instead of commodities. This will accelerate the realization of the United States of Africa. The paper uses the “available data method” (Ogunnika and Okafor, 1993) where historical facts, archival records and documentary interpretations were consulted.
A REVIEW OF THE COSTS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY AS A SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIA
This paper reviewed the various costs implications of nuclear as a source of energy to Nigeria. Comparison was made between the alternative sources such as geothermal, hydroelectric, coal, oil and gas and nuclear. Despite the claims by the nuclear construction firms such as Areva of France and Westinghouse of USA that nuclear technology has improved and it has more green virtue than the other sources, its construction cost is still higher e.g. America’s Watts Bar in Tennessee costs $6.9 billion, South Africa’s generation 3 facility (2008) costs $6 billion and Laguna Verde plant in Mexico in the late 1980s cost $7.2 billion, Other fears that have not yet been alerted are waste disposal and health hazards related to radioactivity. Moreover, there is an inevitable link between civil and military use of nuclear. Therefore, it is vulnerable to terrorists attack and stealing the technology. Available data method was used as a method of data collection, were data was obtained through secondary sources. Descriptive method of data analysis was used. It was suggested that Nigeria should use both renewable and non-renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, coal, oil and gas as well as thermal and geothermal which are abundant in the country instead of nuclear which Nigeria has not acquired its technology to handle efficiently.
A REVIEW OF SELECTED MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF WORKERS PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY IN ORGANIZATION
Every organisation exists to achieve a set goals and objectives. In achieving them, there is need to also take cognizance of workers needs. Motivation of workers in every organization cannot therefore be overemphasized. Several motivational theories have been propounded for workers higher performance and productivity. Yet, most organizations are still not able to motivate their workers adequately by apply some of these theories. This paper therefore reviews relevant theories on motivation for the enhancement of staff performance. The paper concludes that the productivity of staff will be high if they are well motivated through the provisions of a good working environment, higher responsibility, good remuneration and training opportunity. It is recommended amongst others that organisation should recognize and reward hard work. The society and government from all ill-gotten money, and that adequate training programme be organized for workers so as to increase their level of performance.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF WORKERS STRIKE ON NIGERIA ECONOMY
The effects of strike on national development cannot be over-emphasized. Strikes and lockouts are a form of protest by workers against employers for non-satisfactory management or reward. This paper focuses on the causes and economic effects of strike in Nigeria. In carrying out the research, four hypotheses were generated and tested. Questionnaires were administered to 75 (seventy-five) members of academic staff union of universities (ASUU), Non-Academic Staff Union and the general public. Out of the seventy-five questionnaires distributed, 60 copies were retrieved for analysis. The data analyses revealed that economic difficulties, ecological factors, relative deprivation, government policies and decisions and non-implementation of policies are major causes of strikes in Nigeria. The paper therefore recommends amongst others, that there should be improvement in the relationship between workers and management, prompt response to workers demands, regular payment of workers’ salary and wages. The paper added that government should set up monetary fiscal policies to reduce the galloping inflation and embezzlement of funds; and professions should be regarded as important and equal by government and employers of labour.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFORTS OF THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRIMES COMMISSION ON OFFICIAL CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA
The incidence of corruption in Nigeria has assumed a disturbing dimension. Corrupt behaviour from bureaucratic impropriety to a large scale looting of the public funds by political office holders has, over the years, impacted negatively on the socio-economic and political transformation of the country. This paper assessed the causes of corruption and the growing trend of massive looting and fraud in spite of the efforts of the EFCC. The paper relied heavily on secondary data sourced from the EFCC site on the internet, books, journals and reports containing issues bordering on corruption in Nigeria. The growing trend and management of corruption in Nigeria is viewed within the context of the prismatic theory in the study of a transitional society. It was discovered that the commission is operationally equipped and readily disposed to intercept cases of financial crimes and bring to book the perpetrators. However, the fight cannot be effectively conclusive with the nature of justice administration and procedure in Nigeria. It is also discovered that the manner in which cases of embezzlement were currently handled by the Nigerian courts is itself breeding corruption. It is again noticed that the commission is limited for lack of prosecuting powers and therefore can only make a little impact in combating corruption. The paper therefore recommended for a tougher and harder measures including capital punishment (china option). Complete ban from public office and confiscation of all property belonging to the culprits. There is need for Economic and Financial Crime tribunal to be presided over by a group of specialised anti- graft judges to handle such cases within a limited time frame after investigation.